MediaWiki API result
This is the HTML representation of the JSON format. HTML is good for debugging, but is unsuitable for application use.
Specify the format parameter to change the output format. To see the non-HTML representation of the JSON format, set format=json.
See the complete documentation, or the API help for more information.
{
"warnings": {
"query": {
"*": "Formatting of continuation data will be changing soon. To continue using the current formatting, use the 'rawcontinue' parameter. To begin using the new format, pass an empty string for 'continue' in the initial query."
}
},
"query-continue": {
"allpages": {
"gapcontinue": "The_Carbon_Cycle"
}
},
"query": {
"pages": {
"17": {
"pageid": 17,
"ns": 0,
"title": "References",
"revisions": [
{
"contentformat": "text/x-wiki",
"contentmodel": "wikitext",
"*": "This page lists the references relevant for the MAGICC6 model description. \n\n\n\n<!--Albrecht(1989)--><span id=\"Albrecht_1989_cloudcover_aerosols\"></span>\nAlbrecht, B.A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness,\nScience, 245, 1227--1230, 1989.\n\n<!--Allen(1999)--><span id=\"Allen_1999_doityourselfClimatePrediction\"></span>\nAllen, M.: Do-it-yourself climate prediction, Nature, 401, 642--642, 1999.\n\n<!--Andrews and Forster(2008)--><span id=\"AndrewsForster2008_semidirectCO2forcing\"></span>\nAndrews, T. and Forster, P.M.: CO$_2$ forcing induces semi-direct effects with\nconsequences for climate feedback interpretations, Geophys. Res.\nLett., 35, L04802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032273 doi:10.1029/2007GL032273, 2008.\n\n<!--Boer and Yu(2003)--><span id=\"Boer_Yu_2003_ClimateSensitivityResponse\"></span>\nBoer, G.J. and Yu, B.: Climate sensitivity and response, Clim. Dynam., 20,\n415--429, 2003.\n\n<!--Bryan etal.(1975)Bryan, Manabe, and\nPacanowski--><span id=\"Bryan_Manabe_P_1975_GCM_Ocean\"></span>\nBryan, K., Manabe, S., and Pacanowski, R.C.: Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate\nModel. 2. Oceanic Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 30--46,\n1975.\n\n<!--Butchart and Scaife(2001)--><span id=\"butchart_scaife2001_brewerDobson\"></span>\nButchart, N. and Scaife, A.A.: Removal of chlorofluorocarbons by increased\nmass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere in a changing climate,\nNature, 410, 799--802, 2001.\n\n<!--Collins etal.(2006)Collins, Ramaswamy, Schwarzkopf, Sun, Portmann,\nFu, Casanova, Dufresne, Fillmore, Forster, Galin, Gohar, Ingram, Kratz,\nLefebvre, Li, Marquet, Oinas, Tsushima, Uchiyama, and\nZhong--><span id=\"Collins_etal_2006_radiativeForcingWellMixedGHGs\"></span>\nCollins, W.D., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M.D., Sun, Y., Portmann, R.W.,\nFu, Q., Casanova, S. E.B., Dufresne, J.L., Fillmore, D.W., Forster, P.\nM.D., Galin, V.Y., Gohar, L.K., Ingram, W.J., Kratz, D.P., Lefebvre,\nM.P., Li, J., Marquet, P., Oinas, V., Tsushima, Y., Uchiyama, T., and Zhong,\nW.Y.: Radiative forcing by well-mixed greenhouse gases: Estimates from\nclimate models in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth\nAssessment Report (AR4), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14317,\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006713 doi:10.1029/2005JD006713, 2006.\n\n<!--Cubasch etal.(2001)Cubasch, Meehl, Boer, Stouffer, Dix, Noda,\nSenior, Raper, and\nYap--><span id=\"Cubasch_etal_2001_IPCCChapter_ProjectionsFutureClimateChange\"></span>\nCubasch, U., Meehl, G.A., Boer, G.J., Stouffer, R.J., Dix, M., Noda, A.,\nSenior, C.A., Raper, S., and Yap, K.: Projections of Future Climate Change,\nin: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by: Houghton, J., Ding,\nY., Griggs, D., Noguer, M., vander Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and\nJohnson, C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p.892, 2001.\n\n<!--Daniel etal.(1999)Daniel, Solomon, Portmann, and\nGarcia--><span id=\"Daniel_1999_relativeImportance_Bromine_Chlorine\"></span>\nDaniel, J.S., Solomon, S., Portmann, R.W., and Garcia, R.R.: Stratospheric\nozone destruction: The importance of bromine relative to chlorine, J.\nGeophys. Res., 104, 23871--23880, 1999.\n\n<!--Doutriaux-Boucher etal.(2009)Doutriaux-Boucher, Webb, Gregory, and\nBoucher--><span id=\"Doutriaux_Boucher_etal_2009_CO2stomatalclosure\"></span>\nDoutriaux-Boucher, M., Webb, M.J., Gregory, J.M., and Boucher, O.: Carbon\ndioxide induced stomatal closure increases radiative forcing via a rapid\nreduction in low cloud, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02703, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036273 doi:10.1029/2008GL036273, 2009.\n\n<!--Ehhalt etal.(2001)Ehhalt, Prather, Dentener, Derwent, Dlugokencky,\nHolland, Isaksen, Katima, Kirchhoff, Matson, Midgley, and\nWang--><span id=\"Ehhalt_Prather_2001_IPCC_Chemistry\"></span>\nEhhalt, D., Prather, M.J., Dentener, F., Derwent, R., Dlugokencky, E.,\nHolland, E., Isaksen, I., Katima, J., Kirchhoff, V., Matson, P., Midgley, P.,\nand Wang, M.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases, in: Climate Change\n2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by: Houghton, J., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.,\nNoguer, M., vander Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C., p.892,\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.\n\n<!--Forster etal.(2007)Forster, Ramaswamy, Artaxo, Berntsen, Betts,\nFahey, Haywood, Lean, Lowe, Myhre, Nganga, Prinn, Raga, Schulz, and\nVanDorland--><span id=\"Forster_Ramaswamy_etal_2007_IPCCAR4_Chapter2_radiativeForcing\"></span>\nForster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.,\nHaywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G.,\nSchulz, M., and VanDorland, R.: Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric\nConstituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report WG\n1, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M.,\nAveryt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L., Cambridge\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, 129--234, 2007.\n\n<!--Forster and Taylor(2006)--><span id=\"Forster_Taylor_2006_forcingsAOGCMs\"></span>\nForster, P. M.D. and Taylor, K.E.: Climate forcings and climate sensitivities\ndiagnosed from coupled climate model integrations, J. Climate, 19,\n6181--6194, 2006.\n\n<!--Friedlingstein etal.(2006)Friedlingstein, Cox, Betts, Bopp, von\nBloh, Brovkin, Cadule, Doney, Eby, Fung, Bala, John, Jones, Joos, Kato,\nKawamiya, Knorr, Lindsay, Matthews, Raddatz, Rayner, Reick, Roeckner,\nSchnitzler, Schnur, Strassmann, Weaver, Yoshikawa, and\nZeng--><span id=\"Friedlingstein_2006_climatecarbonInteraction_C4MIP\"></span>\nFriedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V.,\nCadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Bala, G., John, J., Jones, C.,\nJoos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H.,\nRaddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K.-G., Schnur,\nR., Strassmann, K., Weaver, K., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climate-Carbon\nCycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison,\nJ. Climate, 19, 3337--3353, 2006.\n\n<!--Frieler etal.(2011)Frieler, Meinshausen, Schneidervon Deimling,\nAndrews, and Forster--><span id=\"Frieler_PrecipAnalysis\"></span>\nFrieler, K., Meinshausen, M., Schneider von Deimling, T., Andrews, T., and Forster, P.:\nChanges in Global-mean Precipitation in Response to Warming, Greenhouse Gas Forcing and Black Carbon, Geophys. Res. Lett., http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045953 doi:10.1029/2010GL045953}, in press, 2011. \n\n<!--Gates(1985)--><span id=\"Gates_1985_globalbiosphericCCycle\"></span>\nGates, D.M.: Global biospheric response to increasing atmospheric cabron\ndioxide concentration, in: Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on\nvegetation, edited by: Strain, B. and Cure, J., DOE/ER0238, US\nDept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Washington, DC, USA, 171--184, 1985.\n\n<!--Gifford(1993)--><span id=\"gifford_1993\"></span>\nGifford, R.M.: Implications of CO$_2$ effects on vegetation for the global carbon\nbudget, in: The global carbon cycle, edited by: Heimann, M., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 115,\n159--200, 1993.\n\n<!--Gregory and\nWebb(2008)--><span id=\"Gregory_Webb_2008_TroposphericAdjustmentCO2forcing\"></span>\nGregory, J.M. and Webb, M.: Tropospheric Adjustment induces a cloud component\nof CO2 forcing, J. Climate, 21, 58--71, 2008.\n\n<!--Gregory etal.(2004)Gregory, Ingram, Palmer, Jones, Stott, Thorpe,\nLowe, Johns, and Williams--><span id=\"Gregory_2004_newMethod_Sensitivity\"></span>\nGregory, J.M., Ingram, W.J., Palmer, M.A., Jones, G.S., Stott, P.A.,\nThorpe, R.B., Lowe, J.A., Johns, T.C., and Williams, K.D.: A new method\nfor diagnosing radiative forcing and climate sensitivity, Geophys.\nRes. Lett., 31, L03205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018747 doi:10.1029/2003GL018747, 2004.\n\n<!--Gultepe and Isaac(1999)--><span id=\"Gultepe_Isaac_1999_aerosols\"></span>\nGultepe, I. and Isaac, G.A.: Scale Effects on Averaging of Cloud Droplet and\nAerosol Number Concentrations: Observations and Models, J. Climate,\n12, 1268, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1268:SEOAOC>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1268:SEOAOC>2.0.CO;2}, 1999.\n\n<!--Hansen etal.(2005)Hansen, Sato, Ruedy, Nazarenko, Lacis, Schmidt,\nRussell, Aleinov, Bauer, Bauer, Bell, Cairns, Canuto, Chandler, Cheng,\nDelGenio, Faluvegi, Fleming, Friend, Hall, Jackman, Kelley, Kiang, Koch,\nLean, Lerner, Lo, Menon, Miller, Minnis, Novakov, Oinas, Perlwitz, Perlwitz,\nRind, Romanou, Shindell, Stone, Sun, Tausnev, Thresher, Wielicki, Wong, Yao,\nand Zhang--><span id=\"Hansen_etal_2005_Efficacies\"></span>\nHansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Nazarenko, L., Lacis, A., Schmidt, G.A.,\nRussell, G., Aleinov, I., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Bell, N., Cairns, B., Canuto,\nV., Chandler, M., Cheng, Y., DelGenio, A., Faluvegi, G., Fleming, E.,\nFriend, A., Hall, T., Jackman, C., Kelley, M., Kiang, N., Koch, D., Lean, J.,\nLerner, J., Lo, K., Menon, S., Miller, R., Minnis, P., Novakov, T., Oinas,\nV., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Shindell, D., Stone,\nP., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., Wielicki, B., Wong, T., Yao, M., and\nZhang, S.: Efficacy of climate forcings, J. Geophys. Res.,\n110, D18104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005776 doi:10.1029/2005JD005776, 2005.\n\n<!--Harvey(1989)--><span id=\"Harvey_1989_ManagingAtmCO2\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D.: Managing atmospheric CO$_2$, Clim. Change, 15, 343--381,\n1989.\n\n<!--Harvey(1994)--><span id=\"Harvey_1994\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D.: Transient Temperature and Sea-Level Response of a\n2-Dimensional Ocean-Climate Model to Greenhouse-Gas Increases, J.\nGeophys. Res.-Ocean., 99, 18447--18466, 1994.\n\n<!--Harvey and\nSchneider(1985{\\natexlab{a}})--><span id=\"Harvey_Schneider_1985_PartI\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D. and Schneider, S.H.: Transient Climate Response to External\nForcing on 10(0)-10(4) Year Time Scales. 1. Experiments with Globally\nAveraged, Coupled, Atmosphere and Ocean Energy-Balance Models, J.\nGeophys. Res., 90, 2191--2205, 1985{\\natexlab{a}}.\n\n<!--Harvey and\nSchneider(1985{\\natexlab{b}})--><span id=\"Harvey_Schneider_1985_PartII\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D. and Schneider, S.H.: hklhklhkfdsldfs, J. Geophys.\nRes., 90, 2207--2222, 1985{\\natexlab{b}}.\n\n<!--Harvey etal.(1997)Harvey, Gregory, Hoffert, Jain, Lal, Leemans,\nRaper, Wigley, and\ndeWolde--><span id=\"Harvey_etal_1997_IPCC_IntroductionSimpleClimateModels\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D., Gregory, J.M., Hoffert, M., Jain, A., Lal, M., Leemans, R.,\nRaper, S. C.B., Wigley, T. M.L., and deWolde, J.: An Introduction to\nSimple Climate Models used in the IPCC Second Assessment Report: IPCC\nTechnical Paper 2, Tech. rep., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,\n1997.\n\n<!--Hasselmann etal.(1993)Hasselmann, Sausen, Maierreimer, and\nVoss--><span id=\"Hasselmann_etal_1993_ColdStartProblem\"></span>\nHasselmann, K., Sausen, R., Maierreimer, E., and Voss, R.: On the Cold Start\nProblem in Transient Simulations with Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Models,\nClim. Dynam., 9, 53--61, 1993.\n\n<!--Hoffert etal.(1980)Hoffert, Callegari, and\nHsieh--><span id=\"Hoffert_1980_Role_DeapSea\"></span>\nHoffert, M.I., Callegari, A.J., and Hsieh, C.T.: The Role of Deep-Sea\nHeat-Storage in the Secular Response to Climatic Forcing, Journal of\nGeophys. Res., 85, 6667--6679, 1980.\n\n<!--Johns etal.(1997)Johns, Carnell, Crossley, Gregory, Mitchell,\nSenior, Tett, and Wood--><span id=\"Johns_etal_1997_HADCM2_spinup\"></span>\nJohns, T.C., Carnell, R.E., Crossley, J.F., Gregory, J.M., Mitchell, J.\nF.B., Senior, C.A., Tett, S. F.B., and Wood, R.A.: The second Hadley\nCentre coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: Model description, spinup and\nvalidation, Clim. Dynam., 13, 103--134, 1997.\n\n<!--Joos etal.(1996)Joos, Bruno, Stocker, Siegenthaler, LeQuere, and\nSarmiento--><span id=\"Joos_Bruno_etal_1996_efficient_accurate_carbonuptake\"></span>\nJoos, F., Bruno, M., Stocker, T., Siegenthaler, U., LeQuere, C., and\nSarmiento, J.: An efficient and accurate representation of complex oceanic\nand biospheric models of anthropogenic carbon uptake, Tellus, 48B, 397--417,\n1996.\n\n<!--Joos etal.(2001)Joos, Prentice, Sitch, Meyer, Hooss, Plattner,\nGerber, and Hasselmann--><span id=\"Joos_Prentice_etal_2001_feedbacks_biosphere_IPCC\"></span>\nJoos, F., Prentice, I.C., Sitch, S., Meyer, R., Hooss, G., Plattner, G.-K.,\nGerber, S., and Hasselmann, K.: Global Warming feedbacks on terrestrial\ncarbon uptake under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)\nemission scenarios, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 891--907, 2001.\n\n<!--Joshi etal.(2003)Joshi, Shine, Ponater, Stuber, Sausen, and\nLi--><span id=\"Joshi_etal_2003_improvedmetric_climatechange\"></span>\nJoshi, M., Shine, K., Ponater, M., Stuber, N., Sausen, R., and Li, L.: A\ncomparison of climate response to different radiative forcings in three\ngeneral circulation models: towards an improved metric of climate change,\nClim. Dynam., 20, 843--854, 2003.\n\n<!--Kattenberg etal.(1996)Kattenberg, Giorgi, Grassl, Meehl, Mitchell,\nStouffer, Tokika, Weaver, and\nWigley--><span id=\"Kattenberg_1996_IPCC_SRES_ProjectionChapter\"></span>\nKattenberg, A., Giorgi, F., Grassl, H., Meehl, G., Mitchell, J. F.B.,\nStouffer, R.J., Tokika, T., Weaver, A.J., and Wigley, T. M.L.: Climate\nmodels - Projection of future climate. pp. 285-357 (Chapter 6), in: Climate\nChange 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I\nto the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate\nChange, edited by Houghton, J., MeiraFilho, L., Callander, B., Harris, N.,\nKattenberg, A., and Maskell, K., Cambridge University Press,\nCambridge, p. 572, 1996.\n\n<!--Knutti etal.(2008)Knutti, Allen, Friedlingstein, Gregory, Hegerl,\nMeehl, Meinshausen, Murphy, Plattner, Raper, Stocker, Stott, Teng, and\nWigley--><span id=\"Knutti_etal_2008_ReviewTemperatures\"></span>\nKnutti, R., Allen, M.R., Friedlingstein, P., Gregory, J.M., Hegerl, G.C.,\nMeehl, G.A., Meinshausen, M., Murphy, J.M., Plattner, G.-K., Raper, S.\nC.B., Stocker, T.F., Stott, P.A., Teng, H., and Wigley, T. M.L.: A review\nof uncertainties in global temperature projections over the twenty-first\ncentury, J. Climate, 21, 2651--2663, 2008.\n\n<!--Knutti and Hegerl (2008)--><span id=\"KnuttiHegerl2008\"></span>\nKnutti, R., Hegerl, G.C.: The equilibrium sensitivity of the Earth's temperature to radiation changes, Nature Geoscience, 1, 735-743, 2008.\n\n<!--Manabe and Bryan(1969)--><span id=\"Manabe_Bryan_1969_CoupledGCM\"></span>\nManabe, S. and Bryan, K.: Climate Calculations with a Combined Ocean-Atmosphere\nModel, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 786--789, 1969.\n\n<!--Manabe etal.(1975)Manabe, Bryan, and\nSpelman--><span id=\"Manabe_Bryan_Spelman_1975_AtmosphericCirculation\"></span>\nManabe, S., Bryan, K., and Spelman, M.J.: Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate\nModel. 1. Atmospheric Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5,\n3--29, 1975.\n\n<!--Mann(2004)--><span id=\"Mann_2004_SmoothingNonStationaryTimeseries\"></span>\nMann, M.E.: On smoothing potentially non-stationary climate time series,\nGeophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07214, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019569 doi:10.1029/2004GL019569, 2004.\n\n<!--Meehl etal.(2007)Meehl, Stocker, Collins, Friedlingstein, Gaye,\nGregory, Kitoh, Knutti, Murphy, Noda, Raper, Watterson, Weaver, and\nZhao--><span id=\"IPCC_AR4_Chapter10_Projections_Meehletal\"></span>\nMeehl, G.A., Stocker, T.F., Collins, W., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A.,\nGregory, J.M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J., Noda, A., Raper, S. C.B.,\nWatterson, I., Weaver, A., and Zhao, Z.-C.: Chapter 10: Global Climate\nProjections, in: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, edited by Solomon, S., Qin,\nD., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and\nMiller, H.L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747--845, 2007.\n\n<!--Meinshausen etal.(2011)Meinshausen, Wigley, and\nRaper--><span id=\"MRW_PartII\"></span>\nMeinshausen, M., Wigley, T. M.L., and Raper, S. C.B.: Emulating\natmosphere-ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6: Part 2 --\nApplications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in prepararion, 2011. \n\n<!--Mitchell(2003)--><span id=\"Mitchell_2003\"></span>\nMitchell, T.D.: Pattern scaling -- An examination of the accuracy of the\ntechnique for describing future climates, Clim. Change, 60, 217--242,\n2003.\n\n<!--Murphy and\nMitchell(1995)--><span id=\"Murphy_Mitchell_1995_SpatialTemporalResponse\"></span>\nMurphy, J.M. and Mitchell, J. F.B.: Transient-Response of the Hadley-Center\nCoupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model to Increasing Carbon-Dioxide. 2. Spatial and\nTemporal Structure of Response, J. Climate, 8, 57--80, 1995.\n\n<!--Murphy etal.(2004)Murphy, Sexton, Barnett, Jones, Webb, Collins, and\nStainforth--><span id=\"Murphy_etal_2004_uncertaintiesGCM\"></span>\nMurphy, J.M., Sexton, D. M.H., Barnett, D.N., Jones, G.S., Webb, M.J.,\nCollins, M., and Stainforth, D.A.: Quantification of modelling uncertainties\nin a large ensemble of climate change simulations, Nature, 430, 768--772,\n2004.\n\n<!--Myhre etal.(1998)Myhre, Highwood, Shine, and\nStordal--><span id=\"Myhre_etal_1998_newestimates_GHGforcing\"></span>\nMyhre, G., Highwood, E.J., Shine, K.P., and Stordal, F.: New estimates of\nradiative forcing due to well mixed greenhouse gases, Geophys. Res.\nLett., 25, 2715--2718, 1998.\n\n<!--Nakicenovic and Swart(2000)--><span id=\"Nakicenovic_etal_2000_IPCCSRES\"></span>\nNakicenovic, N. and Swart, R., eds.: IPCC Special Report on Emissions\nScenarios, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2000.\n\n<!--O'Neill and Melnikov(2008)--><span id=\"ONeill_Melnikov\"></span>\nO'Neill, B.C. and Melnikov, N.B.: Learning about parameter and structural\nuncertainty in carbon cycle models, Clim. Change, 89, 23--44, 2008.\n\n<!--Osborn etal.(2006)Osborn, Raper, and\nBriffa--><span id=\"Osborn_2006_last1000years_ECHO-G\"></span>\nOsborn, T.J., Raper, S. C.B., and Briffa, K.R.: Simulated climate change\nduring the last 1000 years: comparing the ECHO-G general circulation model\nwith the MAGICC simple climate model., Clim. Dynam., 27, 185--197, 2006.\n\n<!--Ramaswamy etal.(2001)Ramaswamy, Boucher, Haigh, Hauglustaine,\nHaywood, Myhre, Nakajiama, Shi, and\nSolomon--><span id=\"Ramaswamy_2001_IPPCWG1_RadiativeForcing\"></span>\nRamaswamy, V., Boucher, O., Haigh, J., Hauglustaine, D., Haywood, J., Myhre,\nG., Nakajiama, T., Shi, G., and Solomon, S.: Radiative Forcing of Climate\nChange, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by Houghton,\nJ., Ding, Y., Griggs, D., Noguer, M., vander Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell,\nK., and Johnson, C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 892, 2001.\n\n<!--Randall etal.(2007)Randall, Wood, Bony, Colman, Fichefet, Fyfe,\nKattsov, Pitman, Shukla, Srinivasan, Stouffer, Sumi, and\nTaylor--><span id=\"Randall_Wood_IPCC_AR4_Chapter8_models\"></span>\nRandall, D., Wood, R.A., Bony, S., Colman, R., Fichefet, T., Fyfe, J.,\nKattsov, V., Pitman, A., Shukla, J., Srinivasan, J., Stouffer, R., Sumi, A.,\nand Taylor, K.E.: Chapter 8: Climate Models and Their Evaluation, in: IPCC\nFourth Assessment Report, edited by Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen,\nZ., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.,\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 589--662, 2007.\n\n<!--Rao and Riahi(2006)--><span id=\"Rao_Riahi_2006_roleOfNonCO2_longterm\"></span>\nRao, S. and Riahi, K.: The role of Non-CO2 greenhouse gases in climate change\nmitigation: Long-term scenarios for the 21$^{st}$ century, Energy J.,\n177--200, 2006.\n\n<!--Rao etal.(2005)Rao, Riahi, Kupiainen, and\nKlimont--><span id=\"Rao_etal_2005_blackcarbon_organiccarbon_emissions\"></span>\nRao, S., Riahi, K., Kupiainen, K., and Klimont, Z.: Long-term scenarios for\nblack and organic carbon emissions, Environ. Sci., 2, 205--216,\n2005.\n\n<!--Raper(2004)--><span id=\"Raper_2004_GeometricalEffectClimsens\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B.: Interpretation of Model Results that Show Changes in the\nEffective Climate Sensitivity with Time, in: IPCC Workshop on Climate\nSensitivity, 131--133, IPCC, available online at:\n\\url{http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/supporting-material/ipcc-workshop-paris-july-2004.pdf},\nParis, France, 2004.\n\n<!--Raper and\nCubasch(1996)--><span id=\"Raper_Cubasch_1996_Emulation_AOGCM_simplemodel\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B. and Cubasch, U.: Emulation of the results from a coupled\ngeneral circulation model using a simple climate model, Geophys. Res.\nLett., 23, 1107--1110, 1996.\n\n<!--Raper etal.(1996)Raper, Wigley, and\nWarrick--><span id=\"Raper_Wigley_Warrick_1996_globalSeaLevelRise\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B., Wigley, T. M.L., and Warrick, R.A.: Global Sea-level Rise:\nPast and Future, in: Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Subsidence: Causes,\nConsequences and Strategies, edited by: Milliman, J. and Haq, B.,\nKluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 11--45, 1996.\n\n<!--Raper etal.(2001)Raper, Gregory, and\nOsborn--><span id=\"Raper_Gregory_Osborn_2001_diagnosingAOGCMresults\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B., Gregory, J.M., and Osborn, T.J.: Use of an\nupwelling-diffusion energy balance climate model to simulate and diagnose\nA/OGCM results, Clim. Dynam., 17, 601--613, 2001.\n\n<!--Santer etal.(1990)Santer, Wigley, Schlesinger, and\nMitchell--><span id=\"Santer_1990\"></span>\nSanter, B., Wigley, T., Schlesinger, M., and Mitchell, J. F.B.: Developing\nClimate Scenarios from Equilibrium GCM Results, Report No.\\ 47, Tech. Rep.47,\nMax-Planck-Institut f\\\"ur Meteorologie, 1990.\n\n<!--{Sarmiento} etal.(1992){Sarmiento}, {Orr}, and\n{Siegenthaler}--><span id=\"Sarmiento_etal_1992_perturbationCO2_ocean_general_circulati%\non_model\"></span>\n{Sarmiento}, J.L., {Orr}, J.C., and {Siegenthaler}, U.: {A perturbation\nsimulation of CO$_{2}$ uptake in an ocean general circulation model}, J.\nGeophys. Res., 97, 3621--3645, 1992.\n\n<!--Schlesinger and\nJiang(1990)--><span id=\"Schlesinger_1990_SimplemodelRepresentationAOGCM\"></span>\nSchlesinger, M.E. and Jiang, X.J.: Simple-Model Representation of\nAtmosphere-Ocean Gcms and Estimation of the Time Scale of CO$_2$-Induced Climate\nChange, J. Climate, 3, 1297--1315, 1990.\n\n<!--Schlesinger and\nJiang(1991)--><span id=\"Schlesinger_Jiang_1991_RevisedProjectionsWarming\"></span>\nSchlesinger, M.E. and Jiang, X.J.: Revised Projection of Future Greenhouse\nWarming, Nature, 350, 219--221, 1991.\n\n<!--Schlesinger etal.(1985)Schlesinger, Gates, and\nHan--><span id=\"Schlesinger_1985_RoleOceans_GCM_OSU\"></span>\nSchlesinger, M.E., Gates, W.L., and Han, Y.-J.: The role of the ocean in\nCO2-induced climatic warming: Preliminary results from the OSU coupled\natmosphere-ocean GCM, in: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models, edited by: Nihoul,\nJ., 447--478, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985.\n\n<!--Schleussner etal.(2010)Schleussner, Frieler, Meinshausen, Yin, and\nLevermann--><span id=\"Schleussner_2010_ESDD\"></span>\nSchleussner, C.F., Frieler, K., Meinshausen, M., Yin, J., and Levermann, A.:\nEmulating Atlantic overturning strength for low emission scenarios:\nconsequences for sea-level rise along the North American east coast, Earth\nSyst. Dynam. Discuss., 1, 357--384, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-1-357-2010 doi:10.5194/esdd-1-357-2010,\n2010.\n\n<!--Senior and\nMitchell(2000)--><span id=\"Senior_Mitchell_2000_TimeDependence_ClimateSensitivity\"></span>\nSenior, C.A. and Mitchell, J. F.B.: The time-dependence of climate\nsensitivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2685--2688, 2000.\n\n<!--Shine etal.(1990)Shine, Derwent, Wuebbles, and\nMorcrette--><span id=\"Shine_IPCC1990_Chapter2\"></span>\nShine, K., Derwent, R., Wuebbles, D., and Morcrette, J.-J.: Radiative forcing\nof climate, in: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, edited by\nHoughton, J., Jenkins, G., and Ephraums, J., Cambridge University\nPress, New York, USA, 41--68, 1990.\n\n<!--Stainforth etal.(2005)Stainforth, Aina, Christensen, Collins, Faull,\nFrame, Kettleborough, Knight, Martin, Murphy, Piani, Sexton, Smith, Spicer,\nThorpe, and Allen--><span id=\"Stainforth_etal_2005_climateprediction\"></span>\nStainforth, D.A., Aina, T., Christensen, C., Collins, M., Faull, N., Frame,\nD.J., Kettleborough, J.A., Knight, S., Martin, A., Murphy, J.M., Piani,\nC., Sexton, D., Smith, L.A., Spicer, R.A., Thorpe, A.J., and Allen, M.R.:\nUncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of\ngreenhouse gases, Nature, 433, 403--406, 2005.\n\n<!--Stouffer(2004)--><span id=\"Stouffer_2004_TimeScalesOfClimateResponse\"></span>\nStouffer, R.J.: Time scales of climate response, J. Climate, 17,\n209--217, 2004.\n\n<!--Takahashi etal.(1993)Takahashi, Olafson, Goddard, Chipman, and\nSutherland--><span id=\"Takahashi_etal_1993_surfaceOceans_CO2\"></span>\nTakahashi, T., Olafson, J., Goddard, J.G., Chipman, D.W., and Sutherland,\nS.C.: Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface\noceans: A comparative study, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 843--878, 1993.\n\n<!--Takemura etal.(2006)Takemura, Tsushima, Yokohata, Nozawa, Nagashima,\nand Nakajima--><span id=\"Takemura_2006_MIROC_forcings\"></span>\nTakemura, T., Tsushima, Y., Yokohata, T., Nozawa, T., Nagashima, T., and\nNakajima, T.: Time evolutions of various radiative forcings for the past 150\nyears estimated by a general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett.,\n33, L19705, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026666 doi:10.1029/2006GL026666}, 2006.\n\n<!--Thornton etal.(2009)Thornton, Doney, Lindsay, Moore, Mahowald,\nRanderson, Fung, Lamarque, Feddema, and Lee--><span id=\"Thornton_nitrogenCarbonCycle\"></span>\nThornton, P. E., Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Randerson,\nJ. T., Fung, I., Lamarque, J.-F., Feddema, J. J., and Lee, Y.-H.: Carbon-nitrogen\ninteractions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere-ocean\ngeneral circulation model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2099--2120, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009 doi:10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009, 2009.\n\n<!--Trenberth and\nGuillemot(1994)--><span id=\"Trenberth_etal1994_totalmassofatmosphere\"></span>\nTrenberth, K.E. and Guillemot, C.J.: The Total Mass of the Atmosphere,\nJ. Geophys. Res., 99, 23079--23088, 1994.\n\n<!--Twomey(1977)--><span id=\"Twomey_1977_albedo\"></span>\nTwomey, S.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds,\nJ. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149--1152, 1977.\n\n<!--Wigley(1991{\\natexlab{a}})--><span id=\"Wigley_1991_ReducingFossilCO2IncreaseClimateChange\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: Could reducing fossil-fuel emissions cause global warming?,\nNature, 349, 503--506, 1991{\\natexlab{a}}.\n\n<!--Wigley(1991{\\natexlab{b}})--><span id=\"Wigley_1991_simpleInverseCarbonCycleModel\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: A Simple Inverse Carbon Cycle Model, Global Biogeochem.\nCy., 5, 373--382, 1991{\\natexlab{b}}.\n\n<!--Wigley(1993)--><span id=\"Wigley_1993_BalancingCarbonBudget\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: Balancing the Carbon Budget -- Implications for Projections of\nFuture Carbon-Dioxide Concentration Changes, Tellus, 45B, 409--425, 1993.\n\n<!--Wigley(2000)--><span id=\"Wigley_2000_balancingCarbonBudget\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: Stabilization of CO2 concentration levels, in: The Carbon\nCycle, edited by Wigley, T. M.L. and Schimel, D., Cambridge\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK, 258--276, 2000.\n\n<!--Wigley(2008)--><span id=\"MAGICC_SCENGEN\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: MAGICC/SCENGEN 5.3: USER MANUAL (version 2),\n\\url{www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc/}, 2008.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nRaper(1987)--><span id=\"Wigley_Raper_1987_ThermalExpansion_SeaWater_Nature\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Raper, S. C.B.: Thermal-Expansion of Sea-Water Associated\nwith Global Warming, Nature, 330, 127--131, 1987.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nRaper(1992)--><span id=\"Wigley_Raper_1992_ImplicationsWarmingIPCC_Nature\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Raper, S. C.B.: Implications for climate and sea level of\nrevised IPCC emissions scenarios, Nature, 357, 293--300, 1992.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nRaper(2001)--><span id=\"Wigley_Raper_2001_Science_InterpretationHighProjections\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Raper, S. C.B.: Interpretation of high projections for\nglobal-mean warming, Science, 293, 451--454, 2001.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nSchlesinger(1985)--><span id=\"Wigley_Schlesinger_1985_AnalyticalSolutionsTemperature\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Schlesinger, M.: Analytical Solution for the effect of\nincreasing CO$_2$ on global mean temperature, Nature, 315, 649--652, 1985.\n\n<!--Wigley etal.(2007)Wigley, Richels, and\nEdmonds--><span id=\"Wigley_etal_2007_overshootpathways\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L., Richels, R., and Edmonds, J.: Overshoot pathways to CO$_2$\nstabilization in a multi-gas context, in: Human Induced Climate Change: An\nInterdisciplinary Assessment, edited by: Schlesinger, M., Kheshgi, H., Smith,\nJ., dela Chesnaye, F., Reilly, J., Wilson, T., and Kostad, C.,\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 84--92, 2007.\n\n<!--Wigley etal.(2009)Wigley, Clarke, Edmonds, Jacoby, Paltsev, Pitcher,\nReilly, Richels, Sarofim, and\nSmith--><span id=\"Wigley_etal_2009_UncertaintiesClimateStabilization\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L., Clarke, L.E., Edmonds, J.A., Jacoby, H.D., Paltsev, S.,\nPitcher, H., Reilly, J.M., Richels, R., Sarofim, M.C., and Smith, S.J.:\nUncertainties in climate stabilization, Clim. Change, 97, 85--121, 2009.\n\n<!--Williams etal.(2008)Williams, Ingram, and\nGregory--><span id=\"Williams_Ingram_Gregory_2008_TimeVariationGCMs\"></span>\nWilliams, K.D., Ingram, W.J., and Gregory, J.M.: Time variation of effective\nclimate sensitivity in GCMs, J. Climate, 21, 5076--5090, 2008."
}
]
},
"18": {
"pageid": 18,
"ns": 0,
"title": "References Model Description",
"revisions": [
{
"contentformat": "text/x-wiki",
"contentmodel": "wikitext",
"*": "This page lists the references relevant for the MAGICC6 model description. \n\n\n\n<!--Albrecht(1989)--><span id=\"Albrecht_1989_cloudcover_aerosols\"></span>\nAlbrecht, B.A.: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness,\nScience, 245, 1227--1230, 1989.\n\n<!--Allen(1999)--><span id=\"Allen_1999_doityourselfClimatePrediction\"></span>\nAllen, M.: Do-it-yourself climate prediction, Nature, 401, 642--642, 1999.\n\n<!--Andrews and Forster(2008)--><span id=\"AndrewsForster2008_semidirectCO2forcing\"></span>\nAndrews, T. and Forster, P.M.: CO$_2$ forcing induces semi-direct effects with\nconsequences for climate feedback interpretations, Geophys. Res.\nLett., 35, L04802, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032273 doi:10.1029/2007GL032273, 2008.\n\n<!--Boer and Yu(2003)--><span id=\"Boer_Yu_2003_ClimateSensitivityResponse\"></span>\nBoer, G.J. and Yu, B.: Climate sensitivity and response, Clim. Dynam., 20,\n415--429, 2003.\n\n<!--Bryan etal.(1975)Bryan, Manabe, and\nPacanowski--><span id=\"Bryan_Manabe_P_1975_GCM_Ocean\"></span>\nBryan, K., Manabe, S., and Pacanowski, R.C.: Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate\nModel. 2. Oceanic Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 30--46,\n1975.\n\n<!--Butchart and Scaife(2001)--><span id=\"butchart_scaife2001_brewerDobson\"></span>\nButchart, N. and Scaife, A.A.: Removal of chlorofluorocarbons by increased\nmass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere in a changing climate,\nNature, 410, 799--802, 2001.\n\n<!--Collins etal.(2006)Collins, Ramaswamy, Schwarzkopf, Sun, Portmann,\nFu, Casanova, Dufresne, Fillmore, Forster, Galin, Gohar, Ingram, Kratz,\nLefebvre, Li, Marquet, Oinas, Tsushima, Uchiyama, and\nZhong--><span id=\"Collins_etal_2006_radiativeForcingWellMixedGHGs\"></span>\nCollins, W.D., Ramaswamy, V., Schwarzkopf, M.D., Sun, Y., Portmann, R.W.,\nFu, Q., Casanova, S. E.B., Dufresne, J.L., Fillmore, D.W., Forster, P.\nM.D., Galin, V.Y., Gohar, L.K., Ingram, W.J., Kratz, D.P., Lefebvre,\nM.P., Li, J., Marquet, P., Oinas, V., Tsushima, Y., Uchiyama, T., and Zhong,\nW.Y.: Radiative forcing by well-mixed greenhouse gases: Estimates from\nclimate models in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth\nAssessment Report (AR4), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14317,\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006713 doi:10.1029/2005JD006713, 2006.\n\n<!--Cubasch etal.(2001)Cubasch, Meehl, Boer, Stouffer, Dix, Noda,\nSenior, Raper, and\nYap--><span id=\"Cubasch_etal_2001_IPCCChapter_ProjectionsFutureClimateChange\"></span>\nCubasch, U., Meehl, G.A., Boer, G.J., Stouffer, R.J., Dix, M., Noda, A.,\nSenior, C.A., Raper, S., and Yap, K.: Projections of Future Climate Change,\nin: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by: Houghton, J., Ding,\nY., Griggs, D., Noguer, M., vander Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and\nJohnson, C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p.892, 2001.\n\n<!--Daniel etal.(1999)Daniel, Solomon, Portmann, and\nGarcia--><span id=\"Daniel_1999_relativeImportance_Bromine_Chlorine\"></span>\nDaniel, J.S., Solomon, S., Portmann, R.W., and Garcia, R.R.: Stratospheric\nozone destruction: The importance of bromine relative to chlorine, J.\nGeophys. Res., 104, 23871--23880, 1999.\n\n<!--Doutriaux-Boucher etal.(2009)Doutriaux-Boucher, Webb, Gregory, and\nBoucher--><span id=\"Doutriaux_Boucher_etal_2009_CO2stomatalclosure\"></span>\nDoutriaux-Boucher, M., Webb, M.J., Gregory, J.M., and Boucher, O.: Carbon\ndioxide induced stomatal closure increases radiative forcing via a rapid\nreduction in low cloud, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02703, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036273 doi:10.1029/2008GL036273, 2009.\n\n<!--Ehhalt etal.(2001)Ehhalt, Prather, Dentener, Derwent, Dlugokencky,\nHolland, Isaksen, Katima, Kirchhoff, Matson, Midgley, and\nWang--><span id=\"Ehhalt_Prather_2001_IPCC_Chemistry\"></span>\nEhhalt, D., Prather, M.J., Dentener, F., Derwent, R., Dlugokencky, E.,\nHolland, E., Isaksen, I., Katima, J., Kirchhoff, V., Matson, P., Midgley, P.,\nand Wang, M.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Greenhouse Gases, in: Climate Change\n2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by: Houghton, J., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.,\nNoguer, M., vander Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C., p.892,\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.\n\n<!--Forster etal.(2007)Forster, Ramaswamy, Artaxo, Berntsen, Betts,\nFahey, Haywood, Lean, Lowe, Myhre, Nganga, Prinn, Raga, Schulz, and\nVanDorland--><span id=\"Forster_Ramaswamy_etal_2007_IPCCAR4_Chapter2_radiativeForcing\"></span>\nForster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D.,\nHaywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G.,\nSchulz, M., and VanDorland, R.: Chapter 2: Changes in Atmospheric\nConstituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report WG\n1, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M.,\nAveryt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L., Cambridge\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, 129--234, 2007.\n\n<!--Forster and Taylor(2006)--><span id=\"Forster_Taylor_2006_forcingsAOGCMs\"></span>\nForster, P. M.D. and Taylor, K.E.: Climate forcings and climate sensitivities\ndiagnosed from coupled climate model integrations, J. Climate, 19,\n6181--6194, 2006.\n\n<!--Friedlingstein etal.(2006)Friedlingstein, Cox, Betts, Bopp, von\nBloh, Brovkin, Cadule, Doney, Eby, Fung, Bala, John, Jones, Joos, Kato,\nKawamiya, Knorr, Lindsay, Matthews, Raddatz, Rayner, Reick, Roeckner,\nSchnitzler, Schnur, Strassmann, Weaver, Yoshikawa, and\nZeng--><span id=\"Friedlingstein_2006_climatecarbonInteraction_C4MIP\"></span>\nFriedlingstein, P., Cox, P., Betts, R., Bopp, L., von Bloh, W., Brovkin, V.,\nCadule, P., Doney, S., Eby, M., Fung, I., Bala, G., John, J., Jones, C.,\nJoos, F., Kato, T., Kawamiya, M., Knorr, W., Lindsay, K., Matthews, H.,\nRaddatz, T., Rayner, P., Reick, C., Roeckner, E., Schnitzler, K.-G., Schnur,\nR., Strassmann, K., Weaver, K., Yoshikawa, C., and Zeng, N.: Climate-Carbon\nCycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison,\nJ. Climate, 19, 3337--3353, 2006.\n\n<!--Frieler etal.(2011)Frieler, Meinshausen, Schneidervon Deimling,\nAndrews, and Forster--><span id=\"Frieler_PrecipAnalysis\"></span>\nFrieler, K., Meinshausen, M., Schneider von Deimling, T., Andrews, T., and Forster, P.:\nChanges in Global-mean Precipitation in Response to Warming, Greenhouse Gas Forcing and Black Carbon, Geophys. Res. Lett., http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045953 doi:10.1029/2010GL045953}, in press, 2011. \n\n<!--Gates(1985)--><span id=\"Gates_1985_globalbiosphericCCycle\"></span>\nGates, D.M.: Global biospheric response to increasing atmospheric cabron\ndioxide concentration, in: Direct effects of increasing carbon dioxide on\nvegetation, edited by: Strain, B. and Cure, J., DOE/ER0238, US\nDept. of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Research Division, Washington, DC, USA, 171--184, 1985.\n\n<!--Gifford(1993)--><span id=\"gifford_1993\"></span>\nGifford, R.M.: Implications of CO$_2$ effects on vegetation for the global carbon\nbudget, in: The global carbon cycle, edited by: Heimann, M., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 115,\n159--200, 1993.\n\n<!--Gregory and\nWebb(2008)--><span id=\"Gregory_Webb_2008_TroposphericAdjustmentCO2forcing\"></span>\nGregory, J.M. and Webb, M.: Tropospheric Adjustment induces a cloud component\nof CO2 forcing, J. Climate, 21, 58--71, 2008.\n\n<!--Gregory etal.(2004)Gregory, Ingram, Palmer, Jones, Stott, Thorpe,\nLowe, Johns, and Williams--><span id=\"Gregory_2004_newMethod_Sensitivity\"></span>\nGregory, J.M., Ingram, W.J., Palmer, M.A., Jones, G.S., Stott, P.A.,\nThorpe, R.B., Lowe, J.A., Johns, T.C., and Williams, K.D.: A new method\nfor diagnosing radiative forcing and climate sensitivity, Geophys.\nRes. Lett., 31, L03205, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018747 doi:10.1029/2003GL018747, 2004.\n\n<!--Gultepe and Isaac(1999)--><span id=\"Gultepe_Isaac_1999_aerosols\"></span>\nGultepe, I. and Isaac, G.A.: Scale Effects on Averaging of Cloud Droplet and\nAerosol Number Concentrations: Observations and Models, J. Climate,\n12, 1268, http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1268:SEOAOC>2.0.CO;2 doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1268:SEOAOC>2.0.CO;2}, 1999.\n\n<!--Hansen etal.(2005)Hansen, Sato, Ruedy, Nazarenko, Lacis, Schmidt,\nRussell, Aleinov, Bauer, Bauer, Bell, Cairns, Canuto, Chandler, Cheng,\nDelGenio, Faluvegi, Fleming, Friend, Hall, Jackman, Kelley, Kiang, Koch,\nLean, Lerner, Lo, Menon, Miller, Minnis, Novakov, Oinas, Perlwitz, Perlwitz,\nRind, Romanou, Shindell, Stone, Sun, Tausnev, Thresher, Wielicki, Wong, Yao,\nand Zhang--><span id=\"Hansen_etal_2005_Efficacies\"></span>\nHansen, J., Sato, M., Ruedy, R., Nazarenko, L., Lacis, A., Schmidt, G.A.,\nRussell, G., Aleinov, I., Bauer, M., Bauer, S., Bell, N., Cairns, B., Canuto,\nV., Chandler, M., Cheng, Y., DelGenio, A., Faluvegi, G., Fleming, E.,\nFriend, A., Hall, T., Jackman, C., Kelley, M., Kiang, N., Koch, D., Lean, J.,\nLerner, J., Lo, K., Menon, S., Miller, R., Minnis, P., Novakov, T., Oinas,\nV., Perlwitz, J., Perlwitz, J., Rind, D., Romanou, A., Shindell, D., Stone,\nP., Sun, S., Tausnev, N., Thresher, D., Wielicki, B., Wong, T., Yao, M., and\nZhang, S.: Efficacy of climate forcings, J. Geophys. Res.,\n110, D18104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005776 doi:10.1029/2005JD005776, 2005.\n\n<!--Harvey(1989)--><span id=\"Harvey_1989_ManagingAtmCO2\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D.: Managing atmospheric CO$_2$, Clim. Change, 15, 343--381,\n1989.\n\n<!--Harvey(1994)--><span id=\"Harvey_1994\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D.: Transient Temperature and Sea-Level Response of a\n2-Dimensional Ocean-Climate Model to Greenhouse-Gas Increases, J.\nGeophys. Res.-Ocean., 99, 18447--18466, 1994.\n\n<!--Harvey and\nSchneider(1985{\\natexlab{a}})--><span id=\"Harvey_Schneider_1985_PartI\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D. and Schneider, S.H.: Transient Climate Response to External\nForcing on 10(0)-10(4) Year Time Scales. 1. Experiments with Globally\nAveraged, Coupled, Atmosphere and Ocean Energy-Balance Models, J.\nGeophys. Res., 90, 2191--2205, 1985{\\natexlab{a}}.\n\n<!--Harvey and\nSchneider(1985{\\natexlab{b}})--><span id=\"Harvey_Schneider_1985_PartII\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D. and Schneider, S.H.: hklhklhkfdsldfs, J. Geophys.\nRes., 90, 2207--2222, 1985{\\natexlab{b}}.\n\n<!--Harvey etal.(1997)Harvey, Gregory, Hoffert, Jain, Lal, Leemans,\nRaper, Wigley, and\ndeWolde--><span id=\"Harvey_etal_1997_IPCC_IntroductionSimpleClimateModels\"></span>\nHarvey, L. D.D., Gregory, J.M., Hoffert, M., Jain, A., Lal, M., Leemans, R.,\nRaper, S. C.B., Wigley, T. M.L., and deWolde, J.: An Introduction to\nSimple Climate Models used in the IPCC Second Assessment Report: IPCC\nTechnical Paper 2, Tech. rep., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,\n1997.\n\n<!--Hasselmann etal.(1993)Hasselmann, Sausen, Maierreimer, and\nVoss--><span id=\"Hasselmann_etal_1993_ColdStartProblem\"></span>\nHasselmann, K., Sausen, R., Maierreimer, E., and Voss, R.: On the Cold Start\nProblem in Transient Simulations with Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Models,\nClim. Dynam., 9, 53--61, 1993.\n\n<!--Hoffert etal.(1980)Hoffert, Callegari, and\nHsieh--><span id=\"Hoffert_1980_Role_DeapSea\"></span>\nHoffert, M.I., Callegari, A.J., and Hsieh, C.T.: The Role of Deep-Sea\nHeat-Storage in the Secular Response to Climatic Forcing, Journal of\nGeophys. Res., 85, 6667--6679, 1980.\n\n<!--Johns etal.(1997)Johns, Carnell, Crossley, Gregory, Mitchell,\nSenior, Tett, and Wood--><span id=\"Johns_etal_1997_HADCM2_spinup\"></span>\nJohns, T.C., Carnell, R.E., Crossley, J.F., Gregory, J.M., Mitchell, J.\nF.B., Senior, C.A., Tett, S. F.B., and Wood, R.A.: The second Hadley\nCentre coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM: Model description, spinup and\nvalidation, Clim. Dynam., 13, 103--134, 1997.\n\n<!--Joos etal.(1996)Joos, Bruno, Stocker, Siegenthaler, LeQuere, and\nSarmiento--><span id=\"Joos_Bruno_etal_1996_efficient_accurate_carbonuptake\"></span>\nJoos, F., Bruno, M., Stocker, T., Siegenthaler, U., LeQuere, C., and\nSarmiento, J.: An efficient and accurate representation of complex oceanic\nand biospheric models of anthropogenic carbon uptake, Tellus, 48B, 397--417,\n1996.\n\n<!--Joos etal.(2001)Joos, Prentice, Sitch, Meyer, Hooss, Plattner,\nGerber, and Hasselmann--><span id=\"Joos_Prentice_etal_2001_feedbacks_biosphere_IPCC\"></span>\nJoos, F., Prentice, I.C., Sitch, S., Meyer, R., Hooss, G., Plattner, G.-K.,\nGerber, S., and Hasselmann, K.: Global Warming feedbacks on terrestrial\ncarbon uptake under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)\nemission scenarios, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 891--907, 2001.\n\n<!--Joshi etal.(2003)Joshi, Shine, Ponater, Stuber, Sausen, and\nLi--><span id=\"Joshi_etal_2003_improvedmetric_climatechange\"></span>\nJoshi, M., Shine, K., Ponater, M., Stuber, N., Sausen, R., and Li, L.: A\ncomparison of climate response to different radiative forcings in three\ngeneral circulation models: towards an improved metric of climate change,\nClim. Dynam., 20, 843--854, 2003.\n\n<!--Kattenberg etal.(1996)Kattenberg, Giorgi, Grassl, Meehl, Mitchell,\nStouffer, Tokika, Weaver, and\nWigley--><span id=\"Kattenberg_1996_IPCC_SRES_ProjectionChapter\"></span>\nKattenberg, A., Giorgi, F., Grassl, H., Meehl, G., Mitchell, J. F.B.,\nStouffer, R.J., Tokika, T., Weaver, A.J., and Wigley, T. M.L.: Climate\nmodels - Projection of future climate. pp. 285-357 (Chapter 6), in: Climate\nChange 1995: The Science of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group I\nto the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate\nChange, edited by Houghton, J., MeiraFilho, L., Callander, B., Harris, N.,\nKattenberg, A., and Maskell, K., Cambridge University Press,\nCambridge, p. 572, 1996.\n\n<!--Knutti etal.(2008)Knutti, Allen, Friedlingstein, Gregory, Hegerl,\nMeehl, Meinshausen, Murphy, Plattner, Raper, Stocker, Stott, Teng, and\nWigley--><span id=\"Knutti_etal_2008_ReviewTemperatures\"></span>\nKnutti, R., Allen, M.R., Friedlingstein, P., Gregory, J.M., Hegerl, G.C.,\nMeehl, G.A., Meinshausen, M., Murphy, J.M., Plattner, G.-K., Raper, S.\nC.B., Stocker, T.F., Stott, P.A., Teng, H., and Wigley, T. M.L.: A review\nof uncertainties in global temperature projections over the twenty-first\ncentury, J. Climate, 21, 2651--2663, 2008.\n\n<!--Knutti and Hegerl (2008)--><span id=\"KnuttiHegerl2008\"></span>\nKnutti, R., Hegerl, G.C.: The equilibrium sensitivity of the Earth's temperature to radiation changes, Nature Geoscience, 1, 735-743, 2008.\n\n<!--Manabe and Bryan(1969)--><span id=\"Manabe_Bryan_1969_CoupledGCM\"></span>\nManabe, S. and Bryan, K.: Climate Calculations with a Combined Ocean-Atmosphere\nModel, J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 786--789, 1969.\n\n<!--Manabe etal.(1975)Manabe, Bryan, and\nSpelman--><span id=\"Manabe_Bryan_Spelman_1975_AtmosphericCirculation\"></span>\nManabe, S., Bryan, K., and Spelman, M.J.: Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate\nModel. 1. Atmospheric Circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5,\n3--29, 1975.\n\n<!--Mann(2004)--><span id=\"Mann_2004_SmoothingNonStationaryTimeseries\"></span>\nMann, M.E.: On smoothing potentially non-stationary climate time series,\nGeophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07214, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019569 doi:10.1029/2004GL019569, 2004.\n\n<!--Meehl etal.(2007)Meehl, Stocker, Collins, Friedlingstein, Gaye,\nGregory, Kitoh, Knutti, Murphy, Noda, Raper, Watterson, Weaver, and\nZhao--><span id=\"IPCC_AR4_Chapter10_Projections_Meehletal\"></span>\nMeehl, G.A., Stocker, T.F., Collins, W., Friedlingstein, P., Gaye, A.,\nGregory, J.M., Kitoh, A., Knutti, R., Murphy, J., Noda, A., Raper, S. C.B.,\nWatterson, I., Weaver, A., and Zhao, Z.-C.: Chapter 10: Global Climate\nProjections, in: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, edited by Solomon, S., Qin,\nD., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and\nMiller, H.L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 747--845, 2007.\n\n<!--Meinshausen etal.(2011)Meinshausen, Wigley, and\nRaper--><span id=\"MRW_PartII\"></span>\nMeinshausen, M., Wigley, T. M.L., and Raper, S. C.B.: Emulating\natmosphere-ocean and carbon cycle models with a simpler model, MAGICC6: Part 2 --\nApplications, Atmos. Chem. Phys., in prepararion, 2011. \n\n<!--Mitchell(2003)--><span id=\"Mitchell_2003\"></span>\nMitchell, T.D.: Pattern scaling -- An examination of the accuracy of the\ntechnique for describing future climates, Clim. Change, 60, 217--242,\n2003.\n\n<!--Murphy and\nMitchell(1995)--><span id=\"Murphy_Mitchell_1995_SpatialTemporalResponse\"></span>\nMurphy, J.M. and Mitchell, J. F.B.: Transient-Response of the Hadley-Center\nCoupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model to Increasing Carbon-Dioxide. 2. Spatial and\nTemporal Structure of Response, J. Climate, 8, 57--80, 1995.\n\n<!--Murphy etal.(2004)Murphy, Sexton, Barnett, Jones, Webb, Collins, and\nStainforth--><span id=\"Murphy_etal_2004_uncertaintiesGCM\"></span>\nMurphy, J.M., Sexton, D. M.H., Barnett, D.N., Jones, G.S., Webb, M.J.,\nCollins, M., and Stainforth, D.A.: Quantification of modelling uncertainties\nin a large ensemble of climate change simulations, Nature, 430, 768--772,\n2004.\n\n<!--Myhre etal.(1998)Myhre, Highwood, Shine, and\nStordal--><span id=\"Myhre_etal_1998_newestimates_GHGforcing\"></span>\nMyhre, G., Highwood, E.J., Shine, K.P., and Stordal, F.: New estimates of\nradiative forcing due to well mixed greenhouse gases, Geophys. Res.\nLett., 25, 2715--2718, 1998.\n\n<!--Nakicenovic and Swart(2000)--><span id=\"Nakicenovic_etal_2000_IPCCSRES\"></span>\nNakicenovic, N. and Swart, R., eds.: IPCC Special Report on Emissions\nScenarios, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2000.\n\n<!--O'Neill and Melnikov(2008)--><span id=\"ONeill_Melnikov\"></span>\nO'Neill, B.C. and Melnikov, N.B.: Learning about parameter and structural\nuncertainty in carbon cycle models, Clim. Change, 89, 23--44, 2008.\n\n<!--Osborn etal.(2006)Osborn, Raper, and\nBriffa--><span id=\"Osborn_2006_last1000years_ECHO-G\"></span>\nOsborn, T.J., Raper, S. C.B., and Briffa, K.R.: Simulated climate change\nduring the last 1000 years: comparing the ECHO-G general circulation model\nwith the MAGICC simple climate model., Clim. Dynam., 27, 185--197, 2006.\n\n<!--Ramaswamy etal.(2001)Ramaswamy, Boucher, Haigh, Hauglustaine,\nHaywood, Myhre, Nakajiama, Shi, and\nSolomon--><span id=\"Ramaswamy_2001_IPPCWG1_RadiativeForcing\"></span>\nRamaswamy, V., Boucher, O., Haigh, J., Hauglustaine, D., Haywood, J., Myhre,\nG., Nakajiama, T., Shi, G., and Solomon, S.: Radiative Forcing of Climate\nChange, in: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, edited by Houghton,\nJ., Ding, Y., Griggs, D., Noguer, M., vander Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell,\nK., and Johnson, C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p. 892, 2001.\n\n<!--Randall etal.(2007)Randall, Wood, Bony, Colman, Fichefet, Fyfe,\nKattsov, Pitman, Shukla, Srinivasan, Stouffer, Sumi, and\nTaylor--><span id=\"Randall_Wood_IPCC_AR4_Chapter8_models\"></span>\nRandall, D., Wood, R.A., Bony, S., Colman, R., Fichefet, T., Fyfe, J.,\nKattsov, V., Pitman, A., Shukla, J., Srinivasan, J., Stouffer, R., Sumi, A.,\nand Taylor, K.E.: Chapter 8: Climate Models and Their Evaluation, in: IPCC\nFourth Assessment Report, edited by Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen,\nZ., Marquis, M., Averyt, K., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.,\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 589--662, 2007.\n\n<!--Rao and Riahi(2006)--><span id=\"Rao_Riahi_2006_roleOfNonCO2_longterm\"></span>\nRao, S. and Riahi, K.: The role of Non-CO2 greenhouse gases in climate change\nmitigation: Long-term scenarios for the 21$^{st}$ century, Energy J.,\n177--200, 2006.\n\n<!--Rao etal.(2005)Rao, Riahi, Kupiainen, and\nKlimont--><span id=\"Rao_etal_2005_blackcarbon_organiccarbon_emissions\"></span>\nRao, S., Riahi, K., Kupiainen, K., and Klimont, Z.: Long-term scenarios for\nblack and organic carbon emissions, Environ. Sci., 2, 205--216,\n2005.\n\n<!--Raper(2004)--><span id=\"Raper_2004_GeometricalEffectClimsens\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B.: Interpretation of Model Results that Show Changes in the\nEffective Climate Sensitivity with Time, in: IPCC Workshop on Climate\nSensitivity, 131--133, IPCC, available online at:\n\\url{http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/supporting-material/ipcc-workshop-paris-july-2004.pdf},\nParis, France, 2004.\n\n<!--Raper and\nCubasch(1996)--><span id=\"Raper_Cubasch_1996_Emulation_AOGCM_simplemodel\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B. and Cubasch, U.: Emulation of the results from a coupled\ngeneral circulation model using a simple climate model, Geophys. Res.\nLett., 23, 1107--1110, 1996.\n\n<!--Raper etal.(1996)Raper, Wigley, and\nWarrick--><span id=\"Raper_Wigley_Warrick_1996_globalSeaLevelRise\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B., Wigley, T. M.L., and Warrick, R.A.: Global Sea-level Rise:\nPast and Future, in: Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Subsidence: Causes,\nConsequences and Strategies, edited by: Milliman, J. and Haq, B.,\nKluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 11--45, 1996.\n\n<!--Raper etal.(2001)Raper, Gregory, and\nOsborn--><span id=\"Raper_Gregory_Osborn_2001_diagnosingAOGCMresults\"></span>\nRaper, S. C.B., Gregory, J.M., and Osborn, T.J.: Use of an\nupwelling-diffusion energy balance climate model to simulate and diagnose\nA/OGCM results, Clim. Dynam., 17, 601--613, 2001.\n\n<!--Santer etal.(1990)Santer, Wigley, Schlesinger, and\nMitchell--><span id=\"Santer_1990\"></span>\nSanter, B., Wigley, T., Schlesinger, M., and Mitchell, J. F.B.: Developing\nClimate Scenarios from Equilibrium GCM Results, Report No.\\ 47, Tech. Rep.47,\nMax-Planck-Institut f\\\"ur Meteorologie, 1990.\n\n<!--{Sarmiento} etal.(1992){Sarmiento}, {Orr}, and\n{Siegenthaler}--><span id=\"Sarmiento_etal_1992_perturbationCO2_ocean_general_circulati%\non_model\"></span>\n{Sarmiento}, J.L., {Orr}, J.C., and {Siegenthaler}, U.: {A perturbation\nsimulation of CO$_{2}$ uptake in an ocean general circulation model}, J.\nGeophys. Res., 97, 3621--3645, 1992.\n\n<!--Schlesinger and\nJiang(1990)--><span id=\"Schlesinger_1990_SimplemodelRepresentationAOGCM\"></span>\nSchlesinger, M.E. and Jiang, X.J.: Simple-Model Representation of\nAtmosphere-Ocean Gcms and Estimation of the Time Scale of CO$_2$-Induced Climate\nChange, J. Climate, 3, 1297--1315, 1990.\n\n<!--Schlesinger and\nJiang(1991)--><span id=\"Schlesinger_Jiang_1991_RevisedProjectionsWarming\"></span>\nSchlesinger, M.E. and Jiang, X.J.: Revised Projection of Future Greenhouse\nWarming, Nature, 350, 219--221, 1991.\n\n<!--Schlesinger etal.(1985)Schlesinger, Gates, and\nHan--><span id=\"Schlesinger_1985_RoleOceans_GCM_OSU\"></span>\nSchlesinger, M.E., Gates, W.L., and Han, Y.-J.: The role of the ocean in\nCO2-induced climatic warming: Preliminary results from the OSU coupled\natmosphere-ocean GCM, in: Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models, edited by: Nihoul,\nJ., 447--478, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1985.\n\n<!--Schleussner etal.(2010)Schleussner, Frieler, Meinshausen, Yin, and\nLevermann--><span id=\"Schleussner_2010_ESDD\"></span>\nSchleussner, C.F., Frieler, K., Meinshausen, M., Yin, J., and Levermann, A.:\nEmulating Atlantic overturning strength for low emission scenarios:\nconsequences for sea-level rise along the North American east coast, Earth\nSyst. Dynam. Discuss., 1, 357--384, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-1-357-2010 doi:10.5194/esdd-1-357-2010,\n2010.\n\n<!--Senior and\nMitchell(2000)--><span id=\"Senior_Mitchell_2000_TimeDependence_ClimateSensitivity\"></span>\nSenior, C.A. and Mitchell, J. F.B.: The time-dependence of climate\nsensitivity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2685--2688, 2000.\n\n<!--Shine etal.(1990)Shine, Derwent, Wuebbles, and\nMorcrette--><span id=\"Shine_IPCC1990_Chapter2\"></span>\nShine, K., Derwent, R., Wuebbles, D., and Morcrette, J.-J.: Radiative forcing\nof climate, in: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, edited by\nHoughton, J., Jenkins, G., and Ephraums, J., Cambridge University\nPress, New York, USA, 41--68, 1990.\n\n<!--Stainforth etal.(2005)Stainforth, Aina, Christensen, Collins, Faull,\nFrame, Kettleborough, Knight, Martin, Murphy, Piani, Sexton, Smith, Spicer,\nThorpe, and Allen--><span id=\"Stainforth_etal_2005_climateprediction\"></span>\nStainforth, D.A., Aina, T., Christensen, C., Collins, M., Faull, N., Frame,\nD.J., Kettleborough, J.A., Knight, S., Martin, A., Murphy, J.M., Piani,\nC., Sexton, D., Smith, L.A., Spicer, R.A., Thorpe, A.J., and Allen, M.R.:\nUncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of\ngreenhouse gases, Nature, 433, 403--406, 2005.\n\n<!--Stouffer(2004)--><span id=\"Stouffer_2004_TimeScalesOfClimateResponse\"></span>\nStouffer, R.J.: Time scales of climate response, J. Climate, 17,\n209--217, 2004.\n\n<!--Takahashi etal.(1993)Takahashi, Olafson, Goddard, Chipman, and\nSutherland--><span id=\"Takahashi_etal_1993_surfaceOceans_CO2\"></span>\nTakahashi, T., Olafson, J., Goddard, J.G., Chipman, D.W., and Sutherland,\nS.C.: Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface\noceans: A comparative study, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 7, 843--878, 1993.\n\n<!--Takemura etal.(2006)Takemura, Tsushima, Yokohata, Nozawa, Nagashima,\nand Nakajima--><span id=\"Takemura_2006_MIROC_forcings\"></span>\nTakemura, T., Tsushima, Y., Yokohata, T., Nozawa, T., Nagashima, T., and\nNakajima, T.: Time evolutions of various radiative forcings for the past 150\nyears estimated by a general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett.,\n33, L19705, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026666 doi:10.1029/2006GL026666}, 2006.\n\n<!--Thornton etal.(2009)Thornton, Doney, Lindsay, Moore, Mahowald,\nRanderson, Fung, Lamarque, Feddema, and Lee--><span id=\"Thornton_nitrogenCarbonCycle\"></span>\nThornton, P. E., Doney, S. C., Lindsay, K., Moore, J. K., Mahowald, N., Randerson,\nJ. T., Fung, I., Lamarque, J.-F., Feddema, J. J., and Lee, Y.-H.: Carbon-nitrogen\ninteractions regulate climate-carbon cycle feedbacks: results from an atmosphere-ocean\ngeneral circulation model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2099--2120, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009 doi:10.5194/bg-6-2099-2009, 2009.\n\n<!--Trenberth and\nGuillemot(1994)--><span id=\"Trenberth_etal1994_totalmassofatmosphere\"></span>\nTrenberth, K.E. and Guillemot, C.J.: The Total Mass of the Atmosphere,\nJ. Geophys. Res., 99, 23079--23088, 1994.\n\n<!--Twomey(1977)--><span id=\"Twomey_1977_albedo\"></span>\nTwomey, S.: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds,\nJ. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149--1152, 1977.\n\n<!--Wigley(1991{\\natexlab{a}})--><span id=\"Wigley_1991_ReducingFossilCO2IncreaseClimateChange\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: Could reducing fossil-fuel emissions cause global warming?,\nNature, 349, 503--506, 1991{\\natexlab{a}}.\n\n<!--Wigley(1991{\\natexlab{b}})--><span id=\"Wigley_1991_simpleInverseCarbonCycleModel\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: A Simple Inverse Carbon Cycle Model, Global Biogeochem.\nCy., 5, 373--382, 1991{\\natexlab{b}}.\n\n<!--Wigley(1993)--><span id=\"Wigley_1993_BalancingCarbonBudget\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: Balancing the Carbon Budget -- Implications for Projections of\nFuture Carbon-Dioxide Concentration Changes, Tellus, 45B, 409--425, 1993.\n\n<!--Wigley(2000)--><span id=\"Wigley_2000_balancingCarbonBudget\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: Stabilization of CO2 concentration levels, in: The Carbon\nCycle, edited by Wigley, T. M.L. and Schimel, D., Cambridge\nUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK, 258--276, 2000.\n\n<!--Wigley(2008)--><span id=\"MAGICC_SCENGEN\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L.: MAGICC/SCENGEN 5.3: USER MANUAL (version 2),\n\\url{www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc/}, 2008.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nRaper(1987)--><span id=\"Wigley_Raper_1987_ThermalExpansion_SeaWater_Nature\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Raper, S. C.B.: Thermal-Expansion of Sea-Water Associated\nwith Global Warming, Nature, 330, 127--131, 1987.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nRaper(1992)--><span id=\"Wigley_Raper_1992_ImplicationsWarmingIPCC_Nature\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Raper, S. C.B.: Implications for climate and sea level of\nrevised IPCC emissions scenarios, Nature, 357, 293--300, 1992.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nRaper(2001)--><span id=\"Wigley_Raper_2001_Science_InterpretationHighProjections\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Raper, S. C.B.: Interpretation of high projections for\nglobal-mean warming, Science, 293, 451--454, 2001.\n\n<!--Wigley and\nSchlesinger(1985)--><span id=\"Wigley_Schlesinger_1985_AnalyticalSolutionsTemperature\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L. and Schlesinger, M.: Analytical Solution for the effect of\nincreasing CO$_2$ on global mean temperature, Nature, 315, 649--652, 1985.\n\n<!--Wigley etal.(2007)Wigley, Richels, and\nEdmonds--><span id=\"Wigley_etal_2007_overshootpathways\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L., Richels, R., and Edmonds, J.: Overshoot pathways to CO$_2$\nstabilization in a multi-gas context, in: Human Induced Climate Change: An\nInterdisciplinary Assessment, edited by: Schlesinger, M., Kheshgi, H., Smith,\nJ., dela Chesnaye, F., Reilly, J., Wilson, T., and Kostad, C.,\nCambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 84--92, 2007.\n\n<!--Wigley etal.(2009)Wigley, Clarke, Edmonds, Jacoby, Paltsev, Pitcher,\nReilly, Richels, Sarofim, and\nSmith--><span id=\"Wigley_etal_2009_UncertaintiesClimateStabilization\"></span>\nWigley, T. M.L., Clarke, L.E., Edmonds, J.A., Jacoby, H.D., Paltsev, S.,\nPitcher, H., Reilly, J.M., Richels, R., Sarofim, M.C., and Smith, S.J.:\nUncertainties in climate stabilization, Clim. Change, 97, 85--121, 2009.\n\n<!--Williams etal.(2008)Williams, Ingram, and\nGregory--><span id=\"Williams_Ingram_Gregory_2008_TimeVariationGCMs\"></span>\nWilliams, K.D., Ingram, W.J., and Gregory, J.M.: Time variation of effective\nclimate sensitivity in GCMs, J. Climate, 21, 5076--5090, 2008."
}
]
}
}
}
}